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Novel two-dimensional(2 D) materials have gained increasing attention due to their unique electronic and photonic properties.The realization of the optoelectronic applications of these materials still faces several challenges.For example,it is critical to gain clear understandings of(1)the fundamental light-matter interactions,which govern many of the key material properties,and(2) the coupling with other nanostructures,which is a required structure for devices and systems.This talk introduces new discoveries and pioneer work using optical spectroscopic techniques on these critical challenges,and novel applications of 2 D materials in sensing.The first part of this talk presents the essential material properties investigated using spectroscopy,including interlayer coupling of Moirè patterns of 2 D materials,and anisotropic light-matter interactions of 2 D materials.The second part of this talk focuses on the interaction of 2 D materials with other nanostructures and the related applications.The interactions of 2 D materials and selected organic molecules revealed novel enhancement effect of Raman signals for molecules on 2 D surface,which offers a new paradigm in biochemical sensing.The works presented in this talk are significant in fundamental nanoscience,and offer important guidelines for practical applications in optoelectronics and sensing technologies.The methodologies used here also provide a framework for the future study of many new 2 D materials.