Development of a green and sustainable agriculture is one of the greatest challenges for the globe to feed the increasingly growing human population.Among the multiplicity of factors that contribute to highly efficient agriculture,animal and crop breeding have always been regarded as a top priority in the agricultural practice of all agriculturally developed nations.Modem animal and crop breeding, following the theories of Mendel and Darwin, are mainly based on systematic selection of individuals with more desirable traits from the germplasm resources that are either already existing or created by cross hybridization, or other approaches such as induction of polyploidy and mutagenesis with chemicals or radiation.Although these breeding strategies have made great contributions to the global production of food, fibre and pharmaceuticals over the last hundred of years, it seems obvious that these established approaches are not sufficient to support sustainable agriculture globally due to their inherent technical limitations.