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足球运动中前十字韧带(ACL)损伤非常常见。了解ACL的负载机制以及造成ACL损伤的危险因素有助于设计有效的预防方案。本综述目的在于为足球运动员总结关于ACL负载机制、ACL损伤因素,以及当前关于ACL损伤预防方案的研究。文献表明,近端胫骨的剪切力引起的胫骨前移是最主要的ACL负载机制,并无证据表明膝外翻是ACL的主要负载机制。之前有关ACL损伤危险因素的研究大都忽视ACL负载机制,已确定的风险因素几乎都与ACL负载机制无关。关于球员ACL损伤预防方案的研究结果互不一致。现有的足球运动员ACL损伤预防方案依从性低、临床效果不佳。未来的研究迫切需要确定与球员ACL负载机制相关的、与ACL损伤有因果关系的危险因素,开发新的预防方案以提高临床依从性。
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is very common in football. Knowing the loading mechanism of ACLs and the risk factors that cause ACL damage help to design effective prevention programs. The purpose of this review is to summarize footballers’ findings on ACL loading mechanisms, ACL injury factors, and current research on ACL injury prevention programs. Literature shows that proximal tibia shear force caused by the tibial advancement is the most important ACL load mechanism, there is no evidence that knee valgus is the main load mechanism of ACL. Previous studies of risk factors for ACL injury largely ignored the ACL load mechanism, and almost all of the identified risk factors were unrelated to the ACL load mechanism. The results of studies on players’ ACL injury prevention programs vary. The existing football player ACL injury prevention program has low compliance and poor clinical effect. Future research urgently needs to identify risk factors that are causally related to ACL ACLs and develop a new prevention strategy to improve clinical adherence.