马克思是以批判康德为逻辑起点去奠定自己哲学的道德基础的。从对康德道德观的批判中,马克思引出了相辅相成的两个方面的问题,一是从人的需要和欲望这个自然现实的层面讲述道德,二是从历史关系这个社会现实的层面阐述道德。马克思从这两个方面所构建起的道德理论,既包括一个关涉人的自然生命和权利的个人向度,又包括一个关涉制度批判和革命的社会向度。而无论从哪一个向度来看,马克思都已打破了康德在现象与物自体、知性与理性、客观与主体、必然与自由之间所作的僵硬的二元划界。这启示我们根本不应在隔离具体的社会条件和历史语境的前提下去理解道德问题、践行道德原则,而应以深刻把握时代的现实问题为基础去为之。 Marx established Kant from the logic of Kant as the moral foundation of his own philosophy. From the critique of Kant’s morality, Marx leads to two complementary problems. First, it tells morality from the natural reality of human needs and desires. Second, it expounds morality from the social reality of historical relations. The moral theory Marx constructed from these two aspects includes not only a personal dimension concerning human’s natural life and rights, but also a social dimension concerning institutional criticism and revolution. However, no matter from which perspective, Marx has already broken the rigid dual demarcation of Kant between phenomena and things, knowledge and reason, objectivity and subject, necessity and freedom. This suggests that we should never understand moral issues and practice moral principles on the premise of separating specific social conditions and historical contexts. Instead, we should base ourselves on profoundly grasping the realities of the times.