这篇文章的主题是低水平均衡“陷阱”的重要性及其众多成因。罗森斯坦-罗丹指出,溢出会导致一项活动的收益随从事这项活动的人数的增长而增长。如果溢出足够大,高水平以及低水平的均衡都是可能的,且没有支配事务从更坏状态向更好状态发展的市场力量。这篇文章展示了现代经济理论如何拓宽我们关于溢出的来源的观点,而溢出会导致低创新和无效率的制度。来自中国的证据与当地的欠发达陷阱具有一致性。这篇文章在发展上提出了“生态学”的观点,来自于别人的、对自己所处环境的影响,是决定产出的一个重要因素。“深层次”干预可以改变潜在力量,“浅层次”干预不能,“生态学”的观点为其两者提供了区分的基础。 The topic of this article is the importance of low-level equilibrium “traps” and many of their causes. Rosenstein-Rodin pointed out that spillover can lead to an increase in the revenue of an activity as the number of people engaged in the activity grows. If spillover is large enough, a high level and a low level of equilibrium are possible and there is no market force that governs the business from worse to better. This article shows how modern economic theory broadens our perspectives on the sources of spillovers, and spills lead to systems of low innovation and inefficiency. Evidence from China is consistent with the under-developed trap in the area. This article puts forward the concept of “ecology” in development. The influence from others on the environment in which we live is an important factor in determining output. The “deep” intervention can change the underlying forces, the “shallow” intervention can not, and the “ecology” viewpoint provides the basis for a distinction between the two.