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一位美国作家曾说:“外交是最出人头地的职业.”①可是在中国近代早期却远非如此.一位清朝官员董恂说它是“谤薮”②.董恂做过主管外交的总理衙门大臣,他的话可以说是苦涩的经验之谈.从中国驻外使馆建立的缓慢而又曲折的过程,就可以了解到中国外交近代化的艰难.互派常驻使节是近代国际关系中的正常现象,是国际交往日益频繁的产物.这个制度起源于意大利城邦国家,第一个有记录可查的常设使团是1455年米兰公爵斯福沙(Francesco Sforza)在热那亚设立的.③1648年(威斯特发里亚和约》签定以后,欧洲各国普遍互相派遣了驻外使节.其目的是为了保护本
An American writer once said: “Diplomacy is the most outstanding occupation.” 1 However, it was far from the early modern China, and one official of the Qing Dynasty said that it was “slander.” 2 Dong Dong was the prime minister in charge of diplomacy Minister Yamen, his words can be described as bitter experience of the conversation. From the slow and tortuous process set up by the Chinese embassy in China, we can understand the difficulties in the modernization of China’s diplomacy. The exchange of diplomatic envoys in modern international relations The normal phenomenon is the result of an increasingly frequent international exchange.The system originated in the Italian city state and the first recorded permanent mission was established in Genoa by Duke Milan of Milan in 1455. ③ In 1648 ( Westphalia Peace Treaty "signed after the European countries generally sent each other diplomatic envoys abroad.The purpose is to protect this