2001年,加州大学洛杉矶分校的伽得鲍姆(Stephen Gardbaum)教授发表了《宪政的新邦联模式》的论文。他在分析了英联邦下的加拿大、新西兰和英国三国的《人权法案》后认为,这三国的司法审查模式将有助于将宪法权利从司法垄断转向更为丰富和平衡的制度内对话,由此减少了基本权利的司法保护和民主决定之间的紧张关 In 2001, Professor Stephen Gardbaum of the University of California, Los Angeles published an essay entitled “A New Confederation Model of Constitutionalism.” After analyzing the Bill of Rights in the Commonwealth in Canada, New Zealand and the United Kingdom, he argues that the mode of judicial review in these three countries will help to shift the constitutional right from judicial monopoly to richer and more balanced dialogue within the system. This reduces the tension between judicial protection of fundamental rights and democratic decisions