汉时,有众多的马上乐器传入我国,汉武帝元鼎二年(公元前115年),张骞出使乌孙国(今乌孜别克民族),乌孙王昆弥与汉通婚,乌孙公主出嫁前,汉武帝命懂得音乐的工匠参考琴、筝、筑、卧箜篌等创制了一种能在马上弹奏的乐器,圆形音箱、直柄、十二柱、四弦,这种乐器便是阮,当时称“秦琵琶”。现存的古代中亚豪来兹姆王国宫殿壁画上有阮,是公元4世纪的作品,说明阮源于中亚,通过龟兹传入我国中原。东晋(317～420年)“竹林七贤”中的阮咸是杰出的音乐家,最擅长弹奏这种乐器,因此阮也被称之为“阮咸”。据说他当时弹奏的已是趋于定型的阮了。由于阮咸善弹和当时社会对竹林七贤的崇尚,这种乐器一时风行全国各地,成为独奏、合奏或为相和歌伴奏的主要乐器。后来因为社会动乱,阮曾一度失传。在甘肃麦积山石窟浮雕和敦煌北魏壁画上,可以见到阮的造型与现在的形制相似。阮咸简称为阮是从一千年前的宋代才开始的。阮的外形很简单,由琴头、琴杆和琴身三个部分组成。琴头一般装饰有中国传统的龙或如意等骨雕艺术品,两侧装有四个弦轴。阮的琴身是一个扁圆形的共鸣箱,由面板、背板和框板胶合而成。多年来,乐器制作师与音乐家合作,对阮进行了许多改革,研制出高音阮、中音阮、次中音阮和低音阮。高音阮是高音乐器,发音清脆明亮,在乐队中常担任主旋律的演奏。中阮为中音乐器,音色恬静柔和,富有诗意;在合奏中常担任演奏旋律和插曲,具有动人的效果。担任伴奏时,丰富的节奏变化能突出乐曲的特点,在乐队中采用两个以上中阮分部演奏和声,会使弹拨乐器组的中音部更为丰满。唐代是阮制作的鼎生时期。现今在日本古都奈良东大寺正仓院中,珍藏着一面“唐螺钿紫檀阮咸”。它做工精良,造型秀美,有四弦、十四品、面板开有音孔并镶音窗,中间绘有精美图案,琴颈与琴轴都有螺钿镶嵌。这已经与现代的阮很相近了。 During the Han Dynasty, there were numerous musical instruments that came to China immediately. Before the Han Wudi Yuanding two years (115 BC), Zhang Qian went out to wushu (now Wuzubike ethnic group), Wusun Wang Kunmi married the Han, Han Wu Dili know how to make music artisans reference Qin, Zheng, Zhuang, lying 箜 篌 and other created a can immediately play the instruments, circular speakers, straight handle, twelve columns, four strings, this instrument is Nguyen, Was called “Qin Pipa ”. The extant ancient Central Asia Haozimu Kingdom Palace murals have Nguyen, is the fourth century AD works, that Ruan originated in Central Asia, introduced to our country through the Qiucai Central Plains. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty (317 ~ 420 years), Ruan Xian from The Seven Pilgrims of Bamboo Grove is an outstanding musician who is best at playing this instrument. Therefore, Nguyen is also called “Ruan Xian”. It is said that he was playing the stereotyped Nguyen already. Because of Ruan Xian good bomb and society was advocating the seven sages of bamboo, this instrument temporarily popular all over the country, as solo, ensemble or accompaniment for the main musical instruments. Later, because of social unrest, Nguyen was once lost. In the Maiji Mountain Grottoes in Gansu reliefs and Northern Dunhuang murals, you can see the shape of Nguyen similar to the current shape. Ruan salt referred to as Nguyen Thousand years ago from the Song Dynasty began. Nguyen’s appearance is very simple, the piano head, piano pole and the body composed of three parts. The head is generally decorated with traditional Chinese dragon or wishful bone art, with four strings on both sides. Nguyen’s body is a flat oval resonance box, the panel, back and frame panels glued together. Over the years, the instructor and musician cooperation, conducted a lot of reforms Nguyen, developed a high-sound Nguyen, Alto Nguyen, Tenor Nguyen and bass Nguyen. Treble Nguyen is a treble instrument, crisp and clear pronunciation, often in the band as the main theme of the play. In Nguyen as a musical instrument, quiet and soft tone, full of poetic; often played in the ensemble melody and episode, with a moving effect. As a accompaniment, rich rhythmic changes can highlight the characteristics of the music, the band in the use of more than two in Nguyen division playing harmony, make plucked instrument group alto more fullness. The Tang Dynasty was produced by Nguyen Nguyen. Today in the ancient capital of Japan Nara Todaiji Masukura, treasured “Tang snail red rosewood Ruanxian.” It is well-made, beautiful shape, four strings, fourteen products, the panel has a sound hole and sound-filled windows, the middle painted with a beautiful pattern, the neck and the piano shaft has snail mosaic. This is very similar to modern Nguyen.