本文选取清代汉水上游的汉中府辖区,以堰渠水利为切入点并将其置于当地自然、社会长期演变的大背景中去考察,探讨国家权力与地域社会之间的整合关系,揭示基层社会的演变趋势及其生态环境背景与财政经济根源。文章认为:清代中后期,汉中水资源环境明显恶化是多种因素共同作用的后果,与当地的地质地貌特征、气候变迁存在密切关系,而移民开发则诱发、加剧了这一恶化步伐。清代以来,当地民办水利勃兴,官办水利日益具有民间化趋势,这与自然环境演变、赋役财政改革、水利组织管理的变化是相辅相成的。这些相互关联的多重变动,反映了社会控制权的下移、官府对水利社会的控制更为间接。 This article chooses Hanzhongfu area in the upper reaches of Hanjiang River in the Qing Dynasty as an entry point and starts with the weir drainage and puts it in the background of local nature and long-term evolution of society to examine and discuss the integration relationship between state power and local community, revealing The Evolution Trend of Grassroots Society and Its Ecological Environment Background and Its Fiscal and Economic Causes. The article argues that the significant deterioration of water resources and environment in Hanzhong in the middle and late Qing Dynasty was the result of the interaction of many factors, which was closely related to the local geomorphological features and climate change. However, the immigrants’ development was inducted and exacerbated the worsening pace. Since the Qing Dynasty, the local people-run water conservancy has been booming, and the government-run water conservancy has become more and more popularized. This is complemented by the changes in the natural environment, the reform of the fiscal revenue and the management of the water conservancy organizations. These interconnected and multiple changes reflect the shift of social control and the government’s control over the water conservancy society is more indirect.