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孙中山领导辛亥革命，无数仁人志士抛头颅、洒热血，付出了自己的青春与生命，特别是最先走出国门睁眼看世界的大批赴日留学生在推动社会历史转变的辛亥革命中扮演了举足轻重的角色。
风起云涌的留日浪潮
1871年《中日修好条规》签订后，两国正式建立近代意义上的外交关系。1894年，中国海军在甲午海战中惨败。中国各阶层看到日本明治维新的成功，感觉到中国在物质文明、科学技术和思想文化上的落后，痛心之余，开始关注日本，关注日本的近代转型，“以日本为师”的呼声迅速高涨。1896年，清政府批准唐宝锷等13位学生赴日本留学，从而掀起了长达40多年留学日本的热潮。这些留学生中,既有满腔热血的青年子弟，也有胸怀远大的王公子弟；既有探寻真理的秀才举人，也有学习知识的在职官员，甚至还有冲破束缚的缠足女子和生命不息的白发老翁，浩浩荡荡的赴日大军“好像唐僧取经一样，怀着圣洁而严肃的心情，静悄悄地离开故乡，挂帆而去”，成为中日两国茫茫大海上一道亮丽的风景。历时42年的频繁留日运动，就像1000年前日本的遣隋、遣唐使们，形成了中日文化交流史上的盛事，极大地影响了中国近代社会的发展进程，对中国和日本的经济、政治、社会和文化都产生了深远的影响。其中，最直接的影响就是促进了近代中国革命运动的蓬勃发展，从康有为、梁启超到国民党、共产党，赴日留学人员在许多重大历史阶段都发挥了重要的作用。
留日学生吴玉章曾经写过一首诗：“东亚风云大陆沉，浮槎东渡起雄心；为求富国强兵策，强忍抛妻别子情。”这是当时留日学生心情的集体写照，他们怀抱各自救国的不同理念，像海绵吸水一般如饥似渴地努力学习军事、法政、文史、外语、美术、医学等文化知识，希望为祖国的独立、富强和繁荣贡献自己的力量。正如1919年即将回国的周恩来写到的:“大江歌罢掉头东,邃密群科济世穷。面壁十年图破壁,难酬蹈海亦英雄。”历史表明，正是这一批批前仆后继蹈海的先驱成为推动中国革命胜利的排头兵。
留日学生的革命和文化活动
戊戌变法失败后，维新派领袖康有为、梁启超等都得到日本友人的帮助，亡命日本，继续进行宣传、鼓动和组织革命与文化活动。1894年，孙中山在檀香山成立兴中会后，许多留日学生仰慕孙中山的革命热情，身怀救国的理想，放弃了在日本的学业，回到国内进行革命活动，如黄兴、宋教仁在湖南组织了华兴会，陶成章、徐锡麟在江浙组织了光复会，吴春阳、陈独秀在安徽组织了岳王会，浙江留学生傅梦豪作为留日中国国民会代表回沪协助宋教仁、陈其美成立中国国民会，等等，这些革命团体成为推动近代中国革命与社会变革的重要政治力量。
1905年8月20日，在孙中山和黄兴的联合倡导下，流亡日本的革命党人在东京成立了同盟会。同盟会以及华兴会、光复会等革命团体的主要领导人和各个部门的负责人，除了孙中山以外，几乎都是留日学生，如相当于同盟会副总理的黄兴，管总务庶务科的宋教仁、搞外交的廖仲恺，评议部的吴玉章等，同盟会派到国内各个省去发动群众的主盟人，也主要由留日学生担任。
此外，以“革命军中马前卒”自称的留日学生邹容写成《革命军》一书，旗帜鲜明、通俗易懂地回答了中国民主革命的基本问题，在国内和日本广泛流行，“倘说影响，则别的千言万语，大概都抵不过浅近直截的‘革命军中马前卒’邹容所做的《革命军》”（鲁迅语）。留日学生陈天华先后撰写《猛回头》和《警世钟》，揭露帝国主义列强瓜分中国，清朝政府沦为“洋人的朝廷”，号召全国各阶层民众团结起来，推翻清政府的反动统治，等等。他们宣传革命思想、启发民智，有力地推动了全国革命形势的高涨，成为辛亥起义的重要吹鼓手。
活跃在辛亥革命中的留学生
随着国内民族危机和革命形势的发展，大批留日学生或抛弃学业或学成回国,积极投身到如火如荼的社会革命运动中，成为各省起义中的中坚力量。
号称“鉴湖女侠”的秋瑾到日本后与女同学发起组织了近代中国第一个妇女爱国组织——“共爱会”。为了宣传革命、唤醒民众，秋瑾还在东京创办了《白话报》月刊。她先后结识了陶成章、陈天华、黄兴、鲁迅、何香凝等一大批爱国人士，并加入了陶成章等人组织的光复会，同盟会成立后被推举为浙江省分会会长和评议部评议员。1907年，她在绍兴主持大通学堂的校务，暗中培养革命力量，提倡军事训练。皖浙起义失败后，秋瑾慷慨就义。作为一名得风气之先的女革命者，秋瑾以自己的言行举止演绎了“不惜千金买宝刀，貂裘换酒也堪豪。一腔热血勤珍重，洒去犹能化碧波”的豪壮人生，成为近代留日学生投身革命运动的楷模。
1910年开始，同盟会在中国各地发动的10多次武装起义，起义的指挥官，大多留学于日本士官学校等军事学校，如最为壮烈的广州起义，埋在黄花岗的七十二烈士中就有林觉民、方声洞等8名留日学生。1911年10月10日辛亥革命爆发，留日学生成了各省起义的重要军事指挥力量。另外，大阪高等医学校的留学生组织了红十字会，浙江嘉兴留学生蒋可宗任队长回国奔赴战场，为起义军治疗伤病员，参加了光复杭州、攻占南京等战役。
辛亥革命之后，五四运动、新文化运动及共产党成立过程中，作为领导及骨干的留日学生蔡元培、陈独秀、李大钊、鲁迅、王国维、李叔同、郁达夫等一大批知识精英以“从别国窃得火来，本意是煮自己的肉”的精神，擎起了中国思想、教育、艺术和文学等文化建设的大旗。可以说，留日学生在风云际会的近现代历史上，以自己的知识、才情和热情，成为中国经济、社会、科技、文化从传统走向现代的生力军,抒写了绚丽多彩的社会画卷。
Students Played a Big Role in 1911 Revolution
By Yao Cheng
The 1911 Revolution overthrew China’s 2-millennia feudal system and opened the nation to the outside world, the modern era and the future. The success of the revolution was made possible by many individuals, including a large group of students who had been to Japan and got the first glimpse of what the world of today looked like. These students-turned-revolutionaries played a critical role in the success of the 1911 revolution.
The 1871 treaty between China and Japan on improving relations between the two countries led to the founding of the modern diplomatic relationships between the two neighbors. The Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 prompted Chinese to examine the colossal success of the Meiji Reform of Japan and study the next-door neighbor and its rapid, eye-opening, and awe-inspiring upgrade to modernization and industrialization.
In 1896, the Chinese government sent 13 students to study in Japan, thus marking the beginning of a 42-year period of Chinese students receiving modernized education in Japan. The students included the hot-blooded young people, descendents of royal families of the Qing Dynasty, scholars cultivated by the Chinese imperial examination system, and government officials. Some of these students were women and old men. In Japan they studied military affairs, law and politics, history, literature, foreign languages, art, medicine, just as did the Japanese who came to China during the Tang Dynasty about 1,000 years ago. The 42 years marked a flourishing period of cultural exchanges between the two countries. The Chinese people who visited Japan and studied there played an unprecedented role in shaping the fate of modern China.
After the failure of the 100-day Reform in 1898, Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao, the two major leaders of the movement, escaped to Japan with the help of Japanese friends. In 1894, Dr. Sun Yat-sen set up “Revive-China Society” in Honolulu. Many Chinese studying in Japan admired Dr. Sun’s revolution ideal and came back to China to start revolutionary activities. Anti-Qing organizations mushroomed, becoming important political forces that pushed for changes in the ancient nation.
And Japan became the place where Chinese revolutionaries took refuge and reorganized themselves. On August 20, 1905, Chinese revolutionaries in exile in Japan organized themselves into the United League of China. With the exception of Dr. Sun Yat-sen, all the other founding members were those who had studied or were studying in Japan. Many Chinese students went back to their home provinces to organize the same-minded people together. Zou Rong (1885-1905), a martyr of the anti-Qing revolution, wrote “The Revolutionary Army”, a pamphlet published in Shanghai in 1903. It explained all the key issues of the revolution in plain Chinese. It became the most influential revolutionary manifesto. Zou Rong died in prison at the age of 20.
From 1910 onward, the United League of China organized more than ten armed uprisings across China. Most of the commanders of these uprisings had studied in military academies in Japan. The 72 martyrs who died in Guangzhou Uprising in April 1911 included eight cadets such as Lin Juemin and Fang Shengdong. When the provinces across China rose against the Qing rulers in the wake of the Wuchang Uprising, the military leaders of these provincial uprisings were mostly former cadets who had studied in Japan.
After the 1911 Revolution, the Chinese students who had studied in Japan continued to play a key role in shaping the future of China. These influential leaders include Cai Yuanpe, Chen Duxiu, Li Dazhao, Lu Xun, Wang Guowei, Li Shutong, Yu Dafu, and Zhou Enlai, just to name a few.
风起云涌的留日浪潮
1871年《中日修好条规》签订后，两国正式建立近代意义上的外交关系。1894年，中国海军在甲午海战中惨败。中国各阶层看到日本明治维新的成功，感觉到中国在物质文明、科学技术和思想文化上的落后，痛心之余，开始关注日本，关注日本的近代转型，“以日本为师”的呼声迅速高涨。1896年，清政府批准唐宝锷等13位学生赴日本留学，从而掀起了长达40多年留学日本的热潮。这些留学生中,既有满腔热血的青年子弟，也有胸怀远大的王公子弟；既有探寻真理的秀才举人，也有学习知识的在职官员，甚至还有冲破束缚的缠足女子和生命不息的白发老翁，浩浩荡荡的赴日大军“好像唐僧取经一样，怀着圣洁而严肃的心情，静悄悄地离开故乡，挂帆而去”，成为中日两国茫茫大海上一道亮丽的风景。历时42年的频繁留日运动，就像1000年前日本的遣隋、遣唐使们，形成了中日文化交流史上的盛事，极大地影响了中国近代社会的发展进程，对中国和日本的经济、政治、社会和文化都产生了深远的影响。其中，最直接的影响就是促进了近代中国革命运动的蓬勃发展，从康有为、梁启超到国民党、共产党，赴日留学人员在许多重大历史阶段都发挥了重要的作用。
留日学生吴玉章曾经写过一首诗：“东亚风云大陆沉，浮槎东渡起雄心；为求富国强兵策，强忍抛妻别子情。”这是当时留日学生心情的集体写照，他们怀抱各自救国的不同理念，像海绵吸水一般如饥似渴地努力学习军事、法政、文史、外语、美术、医学等文化知识，希望为祖国的独立、富强和繁荣贡献自己的力量。正如1919年即将回国的周恩来写到的:“大江歌罢掉头东,邃密群科济世穷。面壁十年图破壁,难酬蹈海亦英雄。”历史表明，正是这一批批前仆后继蹈海的先驱成为推动中国革命胜利的排头兵。
留日学生的革命和文化活动
戊戌变法失败后，维新派领袖康有为、梁启超等都得到日本友人的帮助，亡命日本，继续进行宣传、鼓动和组织革命与文化活动。1894年，孙中山在檀香山成立兴中会后，许多留日学生仰慕孙中山的革命热情，身怀救国的理想，放弃了在日本的学业，回到国内进行革命活动，如黄兴、宋教仁在湖南组织了华兴会，陶成章、徐锡麟在江浙组织了光复会，吴春阳、陈独秀在安徽组织了岳王会，浙江留学生傅梦豪作为留日中国国民会代表回沪协助宋教仁、陈其美成立中国国民会，等等，这些革命团体成为推动近代中国革命与社会变革的重要政治力量。
1905年8月20日，在孙中山和黄兴的联合倡导下，流亡日本的革命党人在东京成立了同盟会。同盟会以及华兴会、光复会等革命团体的主要领导人和各个部门的负责人，除了孙中山以外，几乎都是留日学生，如相当于同盟会副总理的黄兴，管总务庶务科的宋教仁、搞外交的廖仲恺，评议部的吴玉章等，同盟会派到国内各个省去发动群众的主盟人，也主要由留日学生担任。
此外，以“革命军中马前卒”自称的留日学生邹容写成《革命军》一书，旗帜鲜明、通俗易懂地回答了中国民主革命的基本问题，在国内和日本广泛流行，“倘说影响，则别的千言万语，大概都抵不过浅近直截的‘革命军中马前卒’邹容所做的《革命军》”（鲁迅语）。留日学生陈天华先后撰写《猛回头》和《警世钟》，揭露帝国主义列强瓜分中国，清朝政府沦为“洋人的朝廷”，号召全国各阶层民众团结起来，推翻清政府的反动统治，等等。他们宣传革命思想、启发民智，有力地推动了全国革命形势的高涨，成为辛亥起义的重要吹鼓手。
活跃在辛亥革命中的留学生
随着国内民族危机和革命形势的发展，大批留日学生或抛弃学业或学成回国,积极投身到如火如荼的社会革命运动中，成为各省起义中的中坚力量。
号称“鉴湖女侠”的秋瑾到日本后与女同学发起组织了近代中国第一个妇女爱国组织——“共爱会”。为了宣传革命、唤醒民众，秋瑾还在东京创办了《白话报》月刊。她先后结识了陶成章、陈天华、黄兴、鲁迅、何香凝等一大批爱国人士，并加入了陶成章等人组织的光复会，同盟会成立后被推举为浙江省分会会长和评议部评议员。1907年，她在绍兴主持大通学堂的校务，暗中培养革命力量，提倡军事训练。皖浙起义失败后，秋瑾慷慨就义。作为一名得风气之先的女革命者，秋瑾以自己的言行举止演绎了“不惜千金买宝刀，貂裘换酒也堪豪。一腔热血勤珍重，洒去犹能化碧波”的豪壮人生，成为近代留日学生投身革命运动的楷模。
1910年开始，同盟会在中国各地发动的10多次武装起义，起义的指挥官，大多留学于日本士官学校等军事学校，如最为壮烈的广州起义，埋在黄花岗的七十二烈士中就有林觉民、方声洞等8名留日学生。1911年10月10日辛亥革命爆发，留日学生成了各省起义的重要军事指挥力量。另外，大阪高等医学校的留学生组织了红十字会，浙江嘉兴留学生蒋可宗任队长回国奔赴战场，为起义军治疗伤病员，参加了光复杭州、攻占南京等战役。
辛亥革命之后，五四运动、新文化运动及共产党成立过程中，作为领导及骨干的留日学生蔡元培、陈独秀、李大钊、鲁迅、王国维、李叔同、郁达夫等一大批知识精英以“从别国窃得火来，本意是煮自己的肉”的精神，擎起了中国思想、教育、艺术和文学等文化建设的大旗。可以说，留日学生在风云际会的近现代历史上，以自己的知识、才情和热情，成为中国经济、社会、科技、文化从传统走向现代的生力军,抒写了绚丽多彩的社会画卷。
Students Played a Big Role in 1911 Revolution
By Yao Cheng
The 1911 Revolution overthrew China’s 2-millennia feudal system and opened the nation to the outside world, the modern era and the future. The success of the revolution was made possible by many individuals, including a large group of students who had been to Japan and got the first glimpse of what the world of today looked like. These students-turned-revolutionaries played a critical role in the success of the 1911 revolution.
The 1871 treaty between China and Japan on improving relations between the two countries led to the founding of the modern diplomatic relationships between the two neighbors. The Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 prompted Chinese to examine the colossal success of the Meiji Reform of Japan and study the next-door neighbor and its rapid, eye-opening, and awe-inspiring upgrade to modernization and industrialization.
In 1896, the Chinese government sent 13 students to study in Japan, thus marking the beginning of a 42-year period of Chinese students receiving modernized education in Japan. The students included the hot-blooded young people, descendents of royal families of the Qing Dynasty, scholars cultivated by the Chinese imperial examination system, and government officials. Some of these students were women and old men. In Japan they studied military affairs, law and politics, history, literature, foreign languages, art, medicine, just as did the Japanese who came to China during the Tang Dynasty about 1,000 years ago. The 42 years marked a flourishing period of cultural exchanges between the two countries. The Chinese people who visited Japan and studied there played an unprecedented role in shaping the fate of modern China.
After the failure of the 100-day Reform in 1898, Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao, the two major leaders of the movement, escaped to Japan with the help of Japanese friends. In 1894, Dr. Sun Yat-sen set up “Revive-China Society” in Honolulu. Many Chinese studying in Japan admired Dr. Sun’s revolution ideal and came back to China to start revolutionary activities. Anti-Qing organizations mushroomed, becoming important political forces that pushed for changes in the ancient nation.
And Japan became the place where Chinese revolutionaries took refuge and reorganized themselves. On August 20, 1905, Chinese revolutionaries in exile in Japan organized themselves into the United League of China. With the exception of Dr. Sun Yat-sen, all the other founding members were those who had studied or were studying in Japan. Many Chinese students went back to their home provinces to organize the same-minded people together. Zou Rong (1885-1905), a martyr of the anti-Qing revolution, wrote “The Revolutionary Army”, a pamphlet published in Shanghai in 1903. It explained all the key issues of the revolution in plain Chinese. It became the most influential revolutionary manifesto. Zou Rong died in prison at the age of 20.
From 1910 onward, the United League of China organized more than ten armed uprisings across China. Most of the commanders of these uprisings had studied in military academies in Japan. The 72 martyrs who died in Guangzhou Uprising in April 1911 included eight cadets such as Lin Juemin and Fang Shengdong. When the provinces across China rose against the Qing rulers in the wake of the Wuchang Uprising, the military leaders of these provincial uprisings were mostly former cadets who had studied in Japan.
After the 1911 Revolution, the Chinese students who had studied in Japan continued to play a key role in shaping the future of China. These influential leaders include Cai Yuanpe, Chen Duxiu, Li Dazhao, Lu Xun, Wang Guowei, Li Shutong, Yu Dafu, and Zhou Enlai, just to name a few.