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传统自然垄断行业的市场化改革,肇始于20世纪80年代发达市场经济国家,其实践探索、理论发展和制度建设至今仍处于高度活跃和快速演变之中。德国能源经济市场化改革的演变发展是传统垄断行业市场化改革的典型案例。从“区域垄断取代竞争”到“通过去规制化引入竞争”再到“通过规制实现竞争”的改革进程,以及是否应“向一般竞争法过渡”的疑惑,揭示出垄断行业改革的本质和难题是在监管模式设计中竞争监管与行业规制的不同比例、不同程度的调配与整合。对于和管网紧密联系的公用事业来说,单纯依靠“去规制化”下的事后竞争监管无法实现真正的竞争,需要建立新型的行业规制理念和模式,通过规制为市场竞争创造条件。竞争监管和行业规制之间的比例关系受制于特定行业的市场结构和竞争状况及其变化发展。应当适时适度调整两者的比例关系,避免规制模式的僵化。
The market-oriented reform of the traditional natural monopoly industries began in the developed market economy countries in the 1980s. Its practical exploration, theoretical development and institution building are still in a highly dynamic and rapid evolution. The evolvement and development of market-oriented energy economy in Germany is a typical case of marketization reform in traditional monopoly industries. From the “regional monopoly to replace competition” to “by regulating the introduction of competition” and then “through the regulation of competition” reform process, and whether it should “transition to the general competition law ” doubts revealed The essence and difficulty of the reform of monopolistic industries is the different proportions of competition regulation and industry regulation in the design of regulatory modes and the deployment and integration of different degrees. For the utilities closely connected with the pipe network, the real competition can not be achieved by simply relying on the regulation of ex-post competition under “deregulation”. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a new concept and model of industrial regulation and create conditions for market competition through regulation. The proportional relationship between competition regulation and industry regulation is governed by the market structure and competition in a given industry and its evolution. The proportional relationship between the two should be appropriately adjusted in time to avoid the rigidification of the regulatory model.