本文基于社会演化论的视角,对铁道部制度的产生、延续与变革的历程做了分析。作为一个兼具政治管理和经济发展双重功能的“政企合一”组织,铁道部体制的变迁过程基本是一个由关键行为者发起和主导的、自上而下的、强制性的外生性制度变迁。这一变迁历程反映了社会演化论的环境-结构-行为者(观念和利益)之间的互动模式。通过这一案例分析支持如下观点:中国政治领域的制度变革的逻辑不同于经济领域的哈耶克式的自发秩序的演进,其变革路径是关键行为者(如政治精英)自上而下的强力推动而非自下而上的自发性社会秩序的扩散。 Based on the theory of social evolution, this paper analyzes the generation, continuation and transformation of the system of the Ministry of Railways. As a “government-enterprise one” organization that combines the dual functions of political management and economic development, the transition process of the MOR system is basically a top-down and mandatory one initiated and led by key actors Systemic changes. This course of change reflects the pattern of interaction between the social-evolutionist environment-structure-actors (ideas and interests). This case study supports the view that the logic of institutional change in Chinese politics differs from the evolution of Hayekian spontaneous order in the economic field, and that the path of change is the top-down power of key players (such as political elites) Promoting rather than bottom-up proliferation of spontaneous social order.