长期以来 ,西方学者把近代欧洲民族国家的形成和较早实现工业化归之于欧洲文化的特殊性和优越性 ,而认为明清时期的中国是处在停滞落后状态 ,鸦片战争以后中国发生的一些变化则是由西方文明的冲击引起的。这就是所谓“欧洲中心论”和“冲击—回应”模式。① 近二三十年 ,在美国 For a long time, western scholars attributed the formation and earlier industrialization of modern European nation states to the particularity and superiority of European culture. They thought that China in the Ming and Qing Dynasties was in a state of stagnation and backwardness, and some occurred in China after the Opium War Changes are caused by the impact of Western civilization. This is the so-called “Eurocentric” and “shock-response” model. Nearly twenty or thirty years, in the United States