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今天多数科学家关于“进化的事实”所作的论断和教皇庇护十二世“人类的起源”一文中所发表的意见,显然有根本的分歧。就是在科学家之间,关于这一命题的意义和根据也存在着根本的含糊和明显的分歧。教皇庇护十二世说:“即使在自然科学领域之中,进化论也还没有全部被证实。”贝克纳关于进化论的总结,也许是对于一般的进化思想的一个公正的评价:“进化论是由一群相互有关的模型所组成;绝大部分的进化论解释都是以假定为根据的,而这些假定在个别场合又没有得到充分的证实,不过进化论学说的各个模型为它们的近邻提供了支持性的证据。”严格说来,并没有进化的普遍定律,只有历史的(史前史)过程。进化论哲学的第一个根本性错误是无限制地、无批判地使用科学上的外推法。第二个错误在理论上和实践上更加根深蒂固,这就是马里坦所谓的“历史的可知论”。既然进化过程不能作为它自己的说明,又不能按照必然性的规律重建起来,科学的进化论就不能作为任何进化主义哲学的基础。进化主义的种种哲学或思想体系,看来仿佛是由科学进化论得来的正确推论,但仔细一考察,这个表面现象只是一种幻象。在它的最后阶段中,进化论哲学是一个本质上属于个人的无法证实的直觉,陷在夸夸其谈的主观感情中,它使用了一个“生命——自我——宇宙”的公式作为理解实在的意义的钥匙。
It is clear that there is a fundamental disagreement among the opinions of most scientists today on the “evolutionary facts” and the comments made by Pope PII XII in “The Origin of Mankind.” It is between scientists that there is also fundamental ambiguity and obvious disagreement about the meaning and basis of this proposition. Pope Pius XII said: “Even in the realm of science, evolution has not yet been fully proven.” Becken’s conclusion about evolution may be a fair assessment of the general idea of evolution: “Evolution is a group of Interdependent models; the vast majority of evolutionary explanations are based on assumptions that have not yet been fully substantiated on a few occasions, but the various models of evolutionary theory provide supportive evidence for their neighbors ”Strictly speaking, there is no universal law of evolution, only the historical (prehistoric) process. The first fundamental error of evolutionary philosophy is the unconstrained, non-critical use of scientific extrapolation. The second error, which is both theoretically and practically more deeply rooted, is what Maritan calls the “know-it-can of history.” Since the evolutionary process can not be relied upon as its own account and can not be reconstructed according to the law of necessity, the scientific theory of evolution can not serve as the basis for any evolutionary philosophy. The various philosophies or ideological systems of evolutionism seem to have been the correct corollaries derived from the theory of scientific evolution. However, after careful examination, this superficial phenomenon is only an illusion. In its final stages, the philosophy of evolution is an unverifiable intuition inherently personal, trapped in rhetorical subjectivity, which uses a formula of “life-self-universe” to understand the real meaning key.