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企业规模问题是企业理论的核心问题。与经典企业理论的“企业—市场”两分法这一范式不同,最近的研究利用概率模型和大样本数据来分析企业规模的整体分布规律,从而判断企业规模分布是否合理和优化。本文综述了检验企业规模分布的两种规律——吉尔布瑞特规律和帕累托—齐夫规律的经验文献。吉尔布瑞特规律认为,企业的成长是一个随机过程,进而导致企业规模分布收敛于对数正态分布。帕累托—齐夫规律认为,企业规模至少在上尾服从帕累托分布,特殊地遵循齐夫分布。这两种分析企业规模的新视角将有助于推进国内企业理论和相关问题的深入研究。
The problem of firm size is the core issue of firm theory. Unlike classical business theory’s “business-market” dichotomy, recent research uses probabilistic models and large sample data to analyze the overall distribution of firm size to determine whether firm size distribution is reasonable and optimal. This article reviews two empirical patterns of firm size distribution: the Jill Bratt rule and the Pareto-Ziff rule. Gilbert’s law holds that the growth of a firm is a stochastic process, which in turn causes the firm’s size distribution to converge to a log-normal distribution. Pareto-Ziff’s law holds that the size of a firm obeys Pareto distribution at least at the upper tail and follows the Ziff distribution in particular. Both of these new perspectives for analyzing the size of an enterprise will help promote in-depth research on domestic business theories and related issues.