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目的掌握狂犬病暴露人群流行病学特征及暴露后处置情况,为狂犬病的防控工作提供科学依据。方法对2010-2013年长沙县狂犬病门诊报告的狂犬病暴露人群资料以及狂犬病病例资料进行描述性流行病学分析。结果长沙县2010-2013年共报告狂犬病暴露病例25 652例,年均暴露率为654.74/10万,报告例数呈逐年上升趋势;四年的狂犬病暴露率差异有统计学意义(P=0.000)。暴露病例时间分布具有明显季节性,呈夏季高发特点。暴露者男女性别比为1.18:1;男女暴露率差异有统计学意义(P=0.000)。报告病例以青年人为主,占总数的36.9%。暴露人群以犬伤为主,占80.4%。Ⅲ级暴露者中,仅有43.12%注射了被动免疫制剂。10例狂犬病病例全部死亡,均为被犬咬伤。结论长沙县2010-2013年狂犬病年均暴露率高于湖南省平均水平,狂犬病暴露后正确处理率低,应加强狂犬病防治知识的科普宣传,加强犬猫免疫接种,让各类人群有效掌握动物致伤后的正确处置知识,并提高狂犬疫苗接种率,尤其是应提高被动免疫制剂的依从性。
Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics and post-exposure disposal of rabies exposed population and provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of rabies. Methods Descriptive epidemiological analysis of rabies-exposed population data and rabies cases reported from 2010 to 2013 in Changsha County rabies clinic were conducted. Results A total of 25 652 cases of rabies exposure were reported in Changsha County from 2010 to 2013, with an average annual exposure rate of 654.74 / 100 000. The reported cases showed an upward trend year by year. There was a significant difference in rabies exposure between the four years (P = 0.000) . The distribution of exposure time is obviously seasonal, showing the characteristics of summer high incidence. The ratio of male to female was 1.18: 1, and the difference between male and female was statistically significant (P = 0.000). The reported cases are mainly young people, accounting for 36.9% of the total. The majority of dogs exposed to dogs, accounting for 80.4%. Only 43.12% of Grade III exposed patients received passive immunization. All 10 cases of rabies deaths were bitten by dogs. Conclusions The average annual exposure rate of rabies from 2010 to 2013 in Changsha County is higher than the average level in Hunan Province. The rate of correct treatment after rabies exposure is low. Scientific publicity on rabies prevention and control should be strengthened to enhance the immunization of dogs and cats, Correct knowledge of the injury and improve the rabies vaccination rate, in particular, should increase compliance with passive immunization agents.