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斯宾格勒(Oswald Spengler 1880—1936)和汤因比(Arnold Joseph Toynbee 1889—1975)都是现代西方著名的历史哲学家。前者曾以发聋振聩的《西方的没落》轰动欧美社会,后者则因洋洋大观的《历史研究》饮誉西方学术界。他们在这两本书中各用不同的方法通观近6千年来的人类历史,探究西方社会的前途,却以相似的结论殊途同归,从而形成了现代西方历史哲学中的一支重要流派。本文即想以唯物史观为指导,通过比较斯宾格勒和汤因比的历史哲学思想,就这支流派的主要特征、理论得失、历史地位等基本问题展开初步的讨论。
Oswald Spengler 1880-1936 and Arnold Joseph Toynbee 1889-1975 are both well-known historical philosophers of the modern West. The former sensationalized the society of Europe and the United States with the deafness of “the decline of the West,” while the latter earned the reputation of Western academia for its “historical study”. In each of these two books, they used different methods to view the history of mankind for nearly six millennia and explore the future of Western society. However, they both reached the same conclusion with similar conclusions, forming an important school of modern western philosophy of history. This article wants to take the historical materialism as the guidance, through the comparison of Spengler and Toynbee ’s philosophy of history, this article discusses the main features of the school, the theoretical merits and demerits, the historical status and other basic issues.