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托马斯·阿奎那(1226—1274)作为西欧封建社会基督教神权政治理论的最高权威,他的思想理论(即托马斯主义)被誉为中世纪黑暗中的“理性之光”,代表了中古封建社会政治文化发展的精华,起到“连接中世纪到文艺复兴的桥梁”作用。而且随着时代的不断发展,他的思想理论对近代乃至现代西方学术界仍然具有不可忽视的影响。现代西方出现的新托马斯主义,就是托马斯学说的影响在现代的延续,也是托马斯主义的精神在现代的复活。新托马斯主义者强调他们是托马斯学说的拥护者,而且他们的学说中保留了托马斯主义的主要原理,如承认上帝的存在,肯定世界是神造的,神是世界的基础,这是新老托马斯主义整个理论体系的根本前提。因此,在实质上两者没有根本区别。但新托马斯主义又不完全同于中世纪的托马斯主义,作为现时代的托马斯主义,他们与托马斯主义的不同之处,主要体现在对理性与信仰、科学与宗教、政权与教权(即国家与教会)这三对关系上的发展。以下我想从这三方面来进行一些探讨。
Thomas Aquinas (1226-1274), as the supreme authority of the political theory of the theocracy in western feudal society, his ideological theory (ie, Thomasism) is hailed as “the light of reason” in the dark ages of the Middle Ages, and represents the political The essence of cultural development, play “a bridge linking the Middle Ages to the Renaissance” role. And with the continuous development of the times, his theory of thought still has an undeniable influence on the modern and even the modern western academic circles. The neo-Thomism that emerged in the modern West is the continuation of the influence of Thomas’s doctrine in the modern era and the modern revival of Thomism. Neo-Thomists emphasize that they are advocates of Thomas’s doctrine, and their doctrines retain the main principles of Thomism, such as acknowledging the existence of God, affirming that the world is created by God and God is the foundation of the world, which is the new and old Thomas The fundamental premise of the whole theoretical system of doctrine. Therefore, in essence, there is no fundamental difference between the two. Neo-Thomism, however, is not exactly the same as that of the Middle Ages. As the present-day Thomism, their difference from Thomism is mainly manifested in the differences between reason and faith, science and religion, state power and teaching rights Church) these three pairs of relationship development. Below I want to make some discussions from these three aspects.