一、“看得见的手”范式的悖论　　“看得见的手”在经济学中一般被认为是在 2 0世纪 30年代作为弥补亚当·斯密“看不见的手”的缺陷而出现的主张政府对经济实行干预的凯恩斯宏观财政政策。“看得见的手”在当时解决极为严峻的失业问题时效果显著。有效需求不足是凯恩斯理论体 I. The Paradox of Paradigm “Visible Hand” The “visible hand” is generally considered in economics to emerge in the 1930s as a flaw to compensate for Adam Smith’s invisible hand Keynesian macro-fiscal policy that advocates government intervention in the economy. The “visible hand” had a significant effect when it dealt with the most serious unemployment problem at the time. The effective demand is Keynes’s theory