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印度是世界上生物多样性最丰富的国家之一,主张遗传资源主权归国家所有并实现遗传资源惠益公平分享。印度政府于2003年颁布了《生物多样性法》,2004年又补充颁布了《生物多样性条例》,明确规定国家对其生物资源及相关传统知识的主权、保护原则、主管部门和管理体系、获取和惠益分享等问题。2014年又制订发布了《生物资源及相关传统知识获取规则指南》,对生物考察和利用、商业开发的惠益形式与比例、成果转化程序与惠益分享方式、知识产权获取程序与惠益分享形式、第三方转让为研究或商业利用、豁免审批情况等都作出了详细明确的规定。从印度遗传资源获取与惠益分享制度体系发展动态来看,印度的制度构建过程是循序渐进,不断更新,逐步趋于完善、细化。印度的遗传资源制度体系建设紧跟国际发展形势,从原则性的规定发展到具体措施。印度与中国生物遗传资源及相关传统知识国情相似,国际谈判立场一致,印度的遗传资源获取与惠益分享管理制度体系构建思路值得中国在国内遗传资源获取与惠益分享国家制度体系构建借鉴。
India, one of the most biodiversity-rich countries in the world, maintains that the sovereignty of genetic resources rests with the state and that an equal share of the benefits of genetic resources is shared. The Indian government promulgated the Biodiversity Law in 2003 and supplemented the Biodiversity Regulations in 2004 with a clear definition of the state’s sovereignty over the biological resources and associated traditional knowledge, the principle of protection, the authorities and the management system, Access and benefit-sharing issues. In 2014, the Guidelines on the Rules for Access to Biological Resources and Related Traditional Knowledge were published and published. The format and proportion of the benefits and proportions of biological exploration and utilization, business development, the procedures for the conversion of achievements and the ways of benefit sharing, the procedures for the acquisition of benefits and the sharing of benefits Forms, transfer of third parties for research or commercial use, exemption approval and so on have made clear and detailed provisions. India’s system of access and benefit-sharing from the development of the system of view, India’s institutional construction process is gradual and continuous updating, and gradually refined and refined. India’s system of genetic resources system closely follow the international development situation, from the principle of the provisions of the development of specific measures. India and China have similar national conditions of biological genetic resources and related traditional knowledge, and their positions of international negotiations are consistent. The idea of establishing a regulatory system for access and benefit-sharing of genetic resources in India deserves to be built on China’s domestic system of national institutions for access to and benefit-sharing of genetic resources.