目的应用聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测细菌16SrRNA基因,探讨其在辅助诊断肝硬化自发性腹膜炎(SBP)中的临床应用价值。方法选取2014年12月-2015年10月医院感染病科77例肝硬化失代偿期合并腹水患者进行研究,以细菌16SrRNA基因为靶序列,在保守区和特异区分别选取特异性序列合成引物,建立快速诊断方法,检测临床肝硬化失代偿期患者腹水中细菌DNA,并将其结果与传统方法进行比较,数据采用SPSS16.0统计软件进行处理。结果 77份临床样本中PCR法16SrRNA通用引物阳性扩增50例,阳性率64.9%,特异引物阳性扩增15例,阳性率19.5%;以腹水细菌培养阳性或(和)腹水PMN≥250×106/L或(和)腹膜刺激征阳性且正规抗感染治疗有效者作为诊断SBP金标准,此时PCR法灵敏度为100.0%,特异度为54.0%,阳性预测值为54.0%,阴性预测值为100.0%,二者差异有统计学意义(χ~2=22.453,P<0.01)。结论与传统方法相比,PCR法是一种更敏感且简便快速的方法,在肝硬化失代偿期患者腹水细菌检测中具有一定的临床应用价值。 Objective To detect the bacterial 16S rRNA gene by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and explore its clinical value in the diagnosis of spontaneous peritonitis (SBP) of cirrhosis. Methods A total of 77 patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis with ascites from December 2014 to October 2015 were enrolled in this study. Bacterial 16S rRNA gene was used as target sequence to select specific sequence-specific primers in both conserved and specific regions , To establish a rapid diagnostic method to detect bacterial DNA in ascites of patients with decompensated cirrhosis and to compare the results with traditional methods. The data were processed by SPSS16.0 statistical software. Results In the 77 clinical samples, PCR amplified 16S rRNA primers were used to amplify 50 positive samples, the positive rate was 64.9%. The specific primers were positive amplification in 15 cases, the positive rate was 19.5%. The ascites bacterial culture positive or (and) ascites PMN≥250 × 106 / L or (and) peritoneal irritation positive and formal anti-infective therapy as a diagnostic SBP gold standard, PCR method sensitivity was 100.0%, specificity was 54.0%, the positive predictive value was 54.0%, negative predictive value was 100.0 %, The difference was statistically significant (χ ~ 2 = 22.453, P <0.01). Conclusion Compared with the traditional methods, PCR method is a more sensitive and simple and rapid method for the detection of ascites in patients with decompensated cirrhosis of the liver has a certain clinical value.