明代末年,统治阶级日趋腐朽,宦官横暴,党争激烈,清兵压境,社会动荡,起义运动此起彼伏。在错综复杂的民族矛盾和阶级矛盾中,一些文人学士为一吐胸中积壑,情操孤绝,沉溺于逸脱的行草书中,涌现出了一批书家和亮丽夺目的新书风。这个书家群中,最卓越而著名的书家,有张瑞图、黄道周、倪元璐及明 In the late Ming Dynasty, the ruling class was decadent, eunuchs were violent, the party fought fiercely, the Qing troops pressured against the environment, social unrest and the uprising movement came one after another. In the complicated national contradictions and class contradictions, some scholars and bachelors emerged as a series of calligraphers and bright new eye-opener books in the cursive cursive writing that threw themselves in the chest, indulged themselves in solitude and indulged in escapism. The book group, the most distinguished and famous book, Zhang Ruitu, Zodiac, Ni Yuanlu and Ming