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本文就高中学生在学习定语从句时常遇到的一些障碍,做出一个相对完整的要点解释,旨在更好的帮助学生理解定语从句的重难点。
1. 定语从句的主要规则
(1) 定语从句中关系词作宾语指物,用that或者which或者省略。例如:
The book that you want is here.
(2) 定语从句中关系词作宾语指人,用whom或者that或者省略。例如:The man whom you are looking for is there.
(3) 定语从句中关系词作主语指物,用that或者which。例如:The book that tells us the story is on the desk.
(4) 定语从句中关系词作主语指人,用who或者that。例如:The man who told me the news is there.
(5) 定语从句中关系词作定语指人或物,用whose。例如:
The book whose cover is torn tells us an instructive story.
(6) that与which的区别:当先行词被最高级、序数词、the only、the very、the last、不定代词、数词等修饰时,或者先行词本身为不定代词、数词时,不用which;在介词后或者逗号后不用that。例如:This is the best book that I have ever read.
(7) that与who/whom的区别:当先行词为one、ones、those等词时,若先行词指代物则用that;若先行词指代人则用who/whom。例如:Those that taste sweet sell well.
(8) as的两种用法:一是用在the same ... as ...、such ... as ...、as ... as ...、so ... as ...等句型中,二是用在非限制性定语从句中(此时as引导的定语从句要用逗号与主句隔开,或者将as定语从句放在句首),此时先行词为整个主句,as代替整个主句的情况。在这两种as定从中,as均必须充当定语从句中的主语或者宾语。例如:This is the same book as you are using.
(9) 当先行词为时间、地点、原因(the reason),且关系词在定语从句中充当时间状语、地点状语、原因状语时,分别用when、where、why引导定语从句。例如:I will never forget the day when I joined the Young Pioneer.
(10) 当关系词充当定语从句中某个介词宾语,介词也可以提前到关系词前面,构成“介词 + 关系代词。例如:The room in which we are learning is loved by us all.
2. 定语从句的次要要点
(1) whose与of which或者of whom的互换情况:当定语从句的关系词着重表达隶属关系时,用whose、of which或者of whom都对。例如:
The book whose cover is torn tells us an instructive story. = The book the cover of which is torn tells us an instructive story.
(2) 关系代词作定语从句主语时,谓语动词的人称和数必须和先行词保持一致。例如:I, who am a teacher, will try my best to improve your English.
(3) 先行词为“one of + 复数名词”结构时,先行词一般看成复数名词,关系词也看成复数;当one前面有the、the only、the very等修饰时,先行词看成one,关系词也看成单数。例如:She is one of the students who have been praised.
(4) 先行词和定语从句之间可能会被一些作定语或者状语的成分(例如副词、介词短语、从句)隔开。定语从句中也可能存在I think、you think、I believe、you believe、I suppose、you suppose等插入语。例如:You can find the student who will take part in the sports meet.
(5) 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别:限制性定语从句如果省略则主句意思不完整、不准确;非限制性定语从句只起描绘性作用,如果省略,对主句的意思没有重大影响。另外,专有名词(人名、地名)后一般只能用非限制性定语从句。例如:She has a son who is working in the government.
此句表明“她有一个在政府工作的儿子”,她有可能有一个儿子也有可能有几个儿子,但“至少有一个在政府工作的儿子”;如果在son后加上逗号(She has a son, who is working in the government.),则表明她“只有一个儿子”。
(6) “介词 + 关系代词 + 动词不定式”可以代替定语从句,例如:She has ten dollars with which to buy a present for her husband.
(作者单位:江苏省仪征技师学院)
1. 定语从句的主要规则
(1) 定语从句中关系词作宾语指物,用that或者which或者省略。例如:
The book that you want is here.
(2) 定语从句中关系词作宾语指人,用whom或者that或者省略。例如:The man whom you are looking for is there.
(3) 定语从句中关系词作主语指物,用that或者which。例如:The book that tells us the story is on the desk.
(4) 定语从句中关系词作主语指人,用who或者that。例如:The man who told me the news is there.
(5) 定语从句中关系词作定语指人或物,用whose。例如:
The book whose cover is torn tells us an instructive story.
(6) that与which的区别:当先行词被最高级、序数词、the only、the very、the last、不定代词、数词等修饰时,或者先行词本身为不定代词、数词时,不用which;在介词后或者逗号后不用that。例如:This is the best book that I have ever read.
(7) that与who/whom的区别:当先行词为one、ones、those等词时,若先行词指代物则用that;若先行词指代人则用who/whom。例如:Those that taste sweet sell well.
(8) as的两种用法:一是用在the same ... as ...、such ... as ...、as ... as ...、so ... as ...等句型中,二是用在非限制性定语从句中(此时as引导的定语从句要用逗号与主句隔开,或者将as定语从句放在句首),此时先行词为整个主句,as代替整个主句的情况。在这两种as定从中,as均必须充当定语从句中的主语或者宾语。例如:This is the same book as you are using.
(9) 当先行词为时间、地点、原因(the reason),且关系词在定语从句中充当时间状语、地点状语、原因状语时,分别用when、where、why引导定语从句。例如:I will never forget the day when I joined the Young Pioneer.
(10) 当关系词充当定语从句中某个介词宾语,介词也可以提前到关系词前面,构成“介词 + 关系代词。例如:The room in which we are learning is loved by us all.
2. 定语从句的次要要点
(1) whose与of which或者of whom的互换情况:当定语从句的关系词着重表达隶属关系时,用whose、of which或者of whom都对。例如:
The book whose cover is torn tells us an instructive story. = The book the cover of which is torn tells us an instructive story.
(2) 关系代词作定语从句主语时,谓语动词的人称和数必须和先行词保持一致。例如:I, who am a teacher, will try my best to improve your English.
(3) 先行词为“one of + 复数名词”结构时,先行词一般看成复数名词,关系词也看成复数;当one前面有the、the only、the very等修饰时,先行词看成one,关系词也看成单数。例如:She is one of the students who have been praised.
(4) 先行词和定语从句之间可能会被一些作定语或者状语的成分(例如副词、介词短语、从句)隔开。定语从句中也可能存在I think、you think、I believe、you believe、I suppose、you suppose等插入语。例如:You can find the student who will take part in the sports meet.
(5) 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别:限制性定语从句如果省略则主句意思不完整、不准确;非限制性定语从句只起描绘性作用,如果省略,对主句的意思没有重大影响。另外,专有名词(人名、地名)后一般只能用非限制性定语从句。例如:She has a son who is working in the government.
此句表明“她有一个在政府工作的儿子”,她有可能有一个儿子也有可能有几个儿子,但“至少有一个在政府工作的儿子”;如果在son后加上逗号(She has a son, who is working in the government.),则表明她“只有一个儿子”。
(6) “介词 + 关系代词 + 动词不定式”可以代替定语从句,例如:She has ten dollars with which to buy a present for her husband.
(作者单位:江苏省仪征技师学院)