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●教学设想本节内容是学生学习地理的基础知识，知识比较抽象，学习难度大，应按立体空间→模型(地球仪)→平面(地图)的思维过程进行学习。初一学生对事物的理解具有一定的局限性，教师可引导学生走入生活实际，多动手操作，加深体验，逐层理解问题；根据该年龄段学生的特点，
● Teaching Assumptions The content of this section is the basic knowledge of students learning geography. Knowledge is more abstract and learning is more difficult. Students should learn according to the thinking process of three-dimensional space → model (geometry) → plane (map). The students’ understanding of things in the first grade has certain limitations. The teacher can guide the students into the reality of life, more hands-on operations, deepen the experience, and understand the problems layer by layer; according to the characteristics of the students in this age group,