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德国土地征收制度以《基本法》第14条为出发点,以《建筑法典》中的土地征收规范为中心,并辅以《土地整理法》等特别法规定及各州的《土地征收法》,构成完整的体系。《基本法》确立了征收补偿的“权衡”原则,实际上以“交易价值”作为补偿标准。立法与实务的重点在于确定交易价值时查明是否存在需要加以扣除的被征收人的财产增值,以及因被征收人过错所可能导致的价值减损。征收补偿的范围包括征收导致的权利损失及其他后果损失。确定具体补偿额度首先需要确定相应的质量时点和价值评估时点,在这个基础上确定具体的评估方式和补偿方式。总体上说,德国的征收补偿标准确保了被征收人获得不多也不少的补偿,从而良好地在公共利益与个人利益之间作了平衡。德国的立法与实务可以为我国提供积极的参考。
The German system of land expropriation starts from Article 14 of the “Basic Law” and focuses on the code of land expropriation in the “Building Code”, complemented by special laws such as the “Land Consolidation Law” and the “Land Expropriation Law” in each state, which constitutes a complete System. The “Basic Law” established the principle of “trade-off” for the collection of compensation, and actually adopted the “transaction value” as the compensation standard. Legislation and practice will focus on determining the value of transactions to ascertain whether there is an increase in the value of the property of the expropriated person to be deducted and the possible devaluation of the value due to the fault of the expropriated person. The scope of the compensation includes the loss of rights and other consequences caused by the expropriation. Determine the specific compensation amount of the first need to determine the appropriate quality point of time and value assessment time, on this basis to determine the specific assessment methods and compensation methods. In general, Germany’s standard of compensation for expropriation ensures that the expropriated people receive little or no compensation, thus well balancing public and personal interests. German legislation and practice can provide a positive reference for our country.