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在西方古近代政治哲学中,追求普遍的、绝对的、永恒的正义理念是占主导地位的思想倾向。然而在现当代政治哲学中,随着19世纪以来文化人类学的发展,不少来自不同学科的学者似乎确信,在由多元文化构成的世界中,或者说在人类社会的历史发展中不存在普遍适用的正义理念。马克思对资本和资本主义制度的非正义的批判内在地包含着对正义的诉求,包含着对普遍正义的理解。这个理解体现在人的自由本质及其现实化这一命题中。依据这个命题,可以正确地分析资本主义生产方式的历史正义性及其历史局限性,可以正确地思考和解决社会主义初级阶段所面临的公平正义问题。马克思主义的正义观就是以人的自由本质及其现实化为依据,在理论上达到了正义理念的绝对性和相对性、普遍性和特殊性、历史性和现实性的统一。
In the ancient Western political philosophy, the pursuit of universal, absolute and timeless concept of justice is the predominant ideological tendency. However, in the modern political philosophy, with the development of cultural anthropology since the 19th century, many scholars from different disciplines seem to be convinced that there is no universality in the world formed by multiculturalism, or in the historical development of human society The concept of justice. Marx’s non-judgmental critique of the capital and capitalist system intrinsically embodies the aspirations of justice and contains the understanding of universal justice. This understanding is reflected in the proposition of the nature of human freedom and its realization. Based on this proposition, we can correctly analyze the historical justice of the capitalist mode of production and its historical limitations, and can correctly think about and solve the issue of fairness and justice confronting the primary stage of socialism. Based on the essence of human freedom and its realization, Marxist concept of justice has, in theory, reached the unity of absoluteness and relativity, universality and particularity, historicity and reality of the concept of justice.