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在词和词,短语和短语、句子和句子,从句和从句之间起连接作用的词叫做连词(conjunction),连词是虚词,在句子中一般不重读,在句子中不能单独作句子成分。
连词按其作用可分为等立连词(co-ordinative conjunction)和从属连词(sub-ordinative conjunction)。
等立连词是用以连接平行的词、短语、从句或分句的连词,常见的等立连词又可分为以下四类:
转折连词、选择连词、因果连词、并列连词。
从属连词(sub-ordinative conjunction)是用以引导名词性从句和状语从句的连词,常见的从属连词分类如下:
引导时间状语从句、引导地点状语从句、引导原因状语从句、引导结果状语从句、引导条件状语从句、引导目的状语从句、引导让步状语从句、引导方式状语从句、引导比较状语从句。
但是少数的名词、副词,分词和短语在句中起从属连词的作用,现就其用法归纳如下:
1.名词作连词:某些表示时间的名词(词组)也可以用作从属连词,引导时间状语从句,如:the minute/moment/incident(that) …=as soon as (一……就……),every/each time(每次),the first(last)time(第一(上)次)等。例如:
I want to see him the minute/moment(that) he arrives.
他一到我就要见他。
Every time I go to class I panic.
我每次去上课都害怕。
The last time we talked he said he needed another two days.
上次我们谈话时他说他还需要两天。
2.分词作连词:少数动词的分词形式在句中可用作连词,如:granted (that)(因为),considering(考虑到;就……而言;鉴于);provided/providing(that)(如果;假如;在…条件下),seeing(that)(由于;因为),supposing(that)(假定;假设;设想),on the understanding that(条件是……)等可引导状语从句。例如:
Considering he’s only just started,he knows quite a lot about it.
考虑他才刚刚开始,他懂得已不少了。(原因状语从句)
We’ll buy everything you produce,provided of course the price is right.
当然了,倘若价格合适,我们将采购你们的全部产品。(条件状语从句)
Supposing(that) you are wrong,what will you do then?
假设你错了,那你会怎么办?(条件状语从句)
3.短语作连词:部分短语在句中习惯上用作连词引导状语从句,如:as long as (只要;如果),(just)in case(因为可能发生某事;以防万一;万一),even if/though(即使,纵然;尽管),no matter what(how/when/where/…)(无论什么(怎样、何时、何地……)for fear(that)(惟恐;以免),in order that(目的在于;为了;以便),as if/though(好象;似乎;仿佛)等。例如:
As long as it doesn’t rain,we can play.
只要不下雨,我们就能玩。(条件状语从句)
It may rain—you’d better take an umberlla(just)in case(it does).
可能下雨你最好带把伞,以防万一。(条件状语从句)
Even if I have to walk all the way I’ll get there.
即使我得一路走着去,我也得走到那里。(让步状语从句)
I like her even though she can be annoying.
尽管她有时很恼人,但我还是喜欢她。(让步状语从句)
Don’t open the door, no matter who comes.
不管谁来都别开门。(让步状语从句)
We spoke in whispers for fear (that) we might wake the baby.
我们轻声谈话,以免吵醒婴儿。(目的状语从句)
He left early in order that he should/would/might arrive on time.
他早早动身好按时达到。(目的状语从句)
He behaved as if nothing had happened.
他装着若无其事的样子。(方式状语从句)
4.副词作连词:个别副词常用作连词引导状语从句,
如:once(一旦;一……就),immediately(即刻;一……就),now(that) …(由于……;既然……),whenever(在任何时候;无论何时;每次;每当),wherever(无论在什么地方;在……的各个地方;各处;处处)等。例如:
Once you understand this rule,you’ll have no further difficulty.
一旦明白了这条规则,就再也没有困难了。(时间状语从句)
I recognized her immediately I saw her.
我一看见她就立刻认出她来了。(时间状语从句)
Now(that) you mention it,I do remember the incident.
经你一提,我想起那件事了。(原因状语从句)
Now you have passed your test,you can drive on your own.
你驾驶考试既已合格,就可以独自开车了。(原因状语从句)
I’ll discuss it with you whenever you like.
你愿意什么时候我就什么时候和你商量这件事。(时间状语从句)
Whenever she comes, she brings a friend.
她每次来都带个朋友。(时间状语从句)
Sit wherever you like.
你愿意坐在哪儿都行。(地点状语从句)
Wherever she goes, there are crowds of people waiting to see her.
她所到之处都有成群结队的人等着见她。(地点状语从句)
名词、副词、分词及短语用作连词的现象,只要我们掌握了其词性和词意用起来就不难了。
连词按其作用可分为等立连词(co-ordinative conjunction)和从属连词(sub-ordinative conjunction)。
等立连词是用以连接平行的词、短语、从句或分句的连词,常见的等立连词又可分为以下四类:
转折连词、选择连词、因果连词、并列连词。
从属连词(sub-ordinative conjunction)是用以引导名词性从句和状语从句的连词,常见的从属连词分类如下:
引导时间状语从句、引导地点状语从句、引导原因状语从句、引导结果状语从句、引导条件状语从句、引导目的状语从句、引导让步状语从句、引导方式状语从句、引导比较状语从句。
但是少数的名词、副词,分词和短语在句中起从属连词的作用,现就其用法归纳如下:
1.名词作连词:某些表示时间的名词(词组)也可以用作从属连词,引导时间状语从句,如:the minute/moment/incident(that) …=as soon as (一……就……),every/each time(每次),the first(last)time(第一(上)次)等。例如:
I want to see him the minute/moment(that) he arrives.
他一到我就要见他。
Every time I go to class I panic.
我每次去上课都害怕。
The last time we talked he said he needed another two days.
上次我们谈话时他说他还需要两天。
2.分词作连词:少数动词的分词形式在句中可用作连词,如:granted (that)(因为),considering(考虑到;就……而言;鉴于);provided/providing(that)(如果;假如;在…条件下),seeing(that)(由于;因为),supposing(that)(假定;假设;设想),on the understanding that(条件是……)等可引导状语从句。例如:
Considering he’s only just started,he knows quite a lot about it.
考虑他才刚刚开始,他懂得已不少了。(原因状语从句)
We’ll buy everything you produce,provided of course the price is right.
当然了,倘若价格合适,我们将采购你们的全部产品。(条件状语从句)
Supposing(that) you are wrong,what will you do then?
假设你错了,那你会怎么办?(条件状语从句)
3.短语作连词:部分短语在句中习惯上用作连词引导状语从句,如:as long as (只要;如果),(just)in case(因为可能发生某事;以防万一;万一),even if/though(即使,纵然;尽管),no matter what(how/when/where/…)(无论什么(怎样、何时、何地……)for fear(that)(惟恐;以免),in order that(目的在于;为了;以便),as if/though(好象;似乎;仿佛)等。例如:
As long as it doesn’t rain,we can play.
只要不下雨,我们就能玩。(条件状语从句)
It may rain—you’d better take an umberlla(just)in case(it does).
可能下雨你最好带把伞,以防万一。(条件状语从句)
Even if I have to walk all the way I’ll get there.
即使我得一路走着去,我也得走到那里。(让步状语从句)
I like her even though she can be annoying.
尽管她有时很恼人,但我还是喜欢她。(让步状语从句)
Don’t open the door, no matter who comes.
不管谁来都别开门。(让步状语从句)
We spoke in whispers for fear (that) we might wake the baby.
我们轻声谈话,以免吵醒婴儿。(目的状语从句)
He left early in order that he should/would/might arrive on time.
他早早动身好按时达到。(目的状语从句)
He behaved as if nothing had happened.
他装着若无其事的样子。(方式状语从句)
4.副词作连词:个别副词常用作连词引导状语从句,
如:once(一旦;一……就),immediately(即刻;一……就),now(that) …(由于……;既然……),whenever(在任何时候;无论何时;每次;每当),wherever(无论在什么地方;在……的各个地方;各处;处处)等。例如:
Once you understand this rule,you’ll have no further difficulty.
一旦明白了这条规则,就再也没有困难了。(时间状语从句)
I recognized her immediately I saw her.
我一看见她就立刻认出她来了。(时间状语从句)
Now(that) you mention it,I do remember the incident.
经你一提,我想起那件事了。(原因状语从句)
Now you have passed your test,you can drive on your own.
你驾驶考试既已合格,就可以独自开车了。(原因状语从句)
I’ll discuss it with you whenever you like.
你愿意什么时候我就什么时候和你商量这件事。(时间状语从句)
Whenever she comes, she brings a friend.
她每次来都带个朋友。(时间状语从句)
Sit wherever you like.
你愿意坐在哪儿都行。(地点状语从句)
Wherever she goes, there are crowds of people waiting to see her.
她所到之处都有成群结队的人等着见她。(地点状语从句)
名词、副词、分词及短语用作连词的现象,只要我们掌握了其词性和词意用起来就不难了。